Symbols and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Images in The Great Gatsby   â â â â The Great Gatsby depends on a man named Jay Gatsby and his hopeful fixation to a young lady named Daisy that he met while he was youthful.  Gatsby was not of an affluent family and in this way Daisy would not wed him. Gatsby gave his life to getting what he expected to win Daisy.â After the war Gatsby turned into a peddler to achieve what he expected to win Daisy.â In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald utilizes different hues, objects, and motions as images to depict the absence of good and profound estimations of individuals and the various parts of society in the 1920's.â The hues which are spread all through the novel are green, white, gold, and others. F. Scott Fitzgerald gives a social analysis on the 1920's in this novel.â The Great Gatsby is a significant American tale and not only a negligible chronicled record delineating life in the 1920's.â Like different essayists of the 20'sâ Fitzgerald was captivated by the scene of what had happened to the American Dream and how it had gotten undermined by avarice andmaterialistic assets.   â â â â â â At the finish of Chapter One, Nick gets Gatsby extending his arms out towards a green light. At the time it isn't uncovered to us that this is the light toward the finish of Daisy's dock.  he loosened up his arms toward the dim water in an inquisitive manner, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling.â Involuntarily I looked toward the ocean - and separated nothing with the exception of a solitary green light, minute and distant, that may have been the finish of a dock.â (Fitzgerald 26)   â â â â â â Throughout the novel Fitzgerald underlines the shading green as a guarantee of hope.â Through Gatsby this guarantee is debased by the methods that he attempts to achieve it.â By accomplishing material riches to win Daisy, Gatsby likewise shows the defilement of the American Dream.  â â â â In the start of Chapter Two, Fitzgerald depicts the tremendous announcement that looks out for the Valley of Ashes.   â â â â â â The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are blue and tremendous - their retinas are one yard high. They watch out of no face be that as it may, rather, from a pair of gigantic yellow displays which disregard a nonexistent nose.

FBI and National Highway Transportation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the FBI and National Highway Transportation. Answer: Presentation: In this article, Knight (2016) places that cars may before long be equipped for hindering hacking using exceptional programming. This one of a kind programming will empower vehicles to distinguish malevolent codes before they adjust the vehicles typical tasks. As per Knight (2016), programming, for example, the one displayed by Symantec will permit vehicles to identify any strange examples in information traffic and raise a security alert. Despite the fact that vehicle hacking as of now stays hypothetical, a few investigations have demonstrated that it is a chance. As per Knight (2016), security analysts demand that computerization of present day vehicles uncovered them programmers. Similar perspectives have additionally been communicated by the FBI and the National Highway Transportation Safety Authority who went further and exhibited vehicle hacking. Knight (2016) traces that car producers and security firms are improving their endeavors to shield vehicles from programmers. In any case, these endeavors have been tested by the broad hacking of PCs and corporate data frameworks in the ongoing years. Therefore, Knight (2016) calls attention to that vehicle makers have redesigned their methodologies in battling hacking by actualizing new safety efforts. The way that vehicle creators know about the hacking dangers causes them to underline on delivering vehicles which are secure from malevolent assaults. Decisively, Knight (2016) hypothesizes that the car producers can bring down the hacking dangers by making sure about the vehicles at the planning stage. Decisively, future vehicles will stop hacking exercises using uncommon programming. This product will empower the vehicles to separate among ordinary and strange information traffic and make the vital security cautions. In spite of the fact that vehicle hacking stays hypothetical in the present, computerization of current vehicles makes it a chance later on. References Knight, W. (2016, June 21). Your Car Could Learn to Recognize Hackers. Recovered from MIT Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601697/your-vehicle could-figure out how to-perceive programmers/

Several recent student deaths linked to UK payday debt traps - Inside Subprime 12

Several recent student deaths linked to UK payday debt traps - Inside Subprime 12/21/17 Recent student deaths linked to UK payday debt traps Recent student deaths linked to UK payday debt trapsInside Subprime: December 21, 2017By Alex HuntsbergerTaking out a payday loan is always dangerous. Sadly, it can also sometimes be deadly. Last May, a college student in the UK hung himself after falling deep into a predatory lending debt trap. 21-year-old  Nasseeb Chuhan  was studying human geography at Leeds Beckett University in the UK when he took out payday loans  with interest rates  at a staggering 1,200 percent.    His family did not know about the debt until after his death, and as a part of the inquest into Chuhan’s suicide,  the coroner in the case, Jonathan Leach,  was asked by Chuhans family lawyer to write to the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA)  and ask that action be taken to prevent more senseless deaths like Chuhan’s.According to the lawyer, Julie Ann-Luck, the blame for Chuhans death can and should be placed squarely  on predatory payday lenders who target vulnerable, a cash-strapped, university students.“H e succumbed to these easily-accessible payday loans,  Luck told the Daily Mail. “It seems the behaviour and conduct of the payday loan companies was such that he was able to access loans where they were not affordable.”In recent years, the FCA has taken steps to reign in the practices of payday lenders.  In 2014, they took over regulation of the industry from the Office of Fair Trading. The following year, the FCA introduced interest rate caps, limiting initial interest costs to 0.8 percent per day and setting a cap of 100 percent overall. Prior to the the FCA’s caps, some UK payday lenders were charging interest rates that came out to a staggering 5,853 percent annually. The Daily Mail points to a number of other cases of student deaths driven by unsustainable debt and high interest rates. They mention Courtney Mitchell Lewis, 21, a student who died of an overdose after a 100 pound loan turned into 800 pounds of debt in  just three month, and 18-year-old  Kane Sparham-Price, 18, who hung himself after his payments for a payday loan literally cleaned out his bank accounts, leaving him with nothing. We’ve written often on this site about the ways in which predatory payday lending can ruin peoples lives. Trapped by sky-high APRs and a never-ending cycle of debt, predatory payday lenders  take advantage of people who are the most vulnerable. The term ‘debt trap’ is often used to describe  the effects of these loans because they leave people feeling like they have no way out.The tragic stories of Chuhan, Lewis, and Sparham-Price make clear just how destructive these practices can be. EDITORS NOTE: If you or someone you know is  struggling emotionally and considering suicide for any reason, help is just a phone call away.  United States residents should call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline at  1-800-273-8255, and people in the UK can seek help from Samaritans at 116-123.  For more information on predatory lenders, check out these related pages a nd articles from OppLoans:Bad Credit LoansCash Advances: Dangerous, Low-Value LoansPayday Loans: The Most Dangerous Debt TrapVisit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Thomas Nagel And Frank Jackson Do Not - 1006 Words

Mind and body are believed to be either one or two separated entities, depending on which philosopher you would ask. The belief that the mind and body are one entity is defined as monism. Physicalism is a monism. Those that believe in the idea of physicalism also believe that mind and body are not separate substances. Physicalism claims that the mind is something that is physical. It also claims that the mind is reduced to or identified with behavior. According to the website, philosophy basics, â€Å"those that believe in physicalism believe that everything that exists is no more extensive than its physical properties and that the only existing substances is physical.† Both have valid arguments to prove their theories, which keep philosophers divided in between the two. Philosophers Thomas Nagel and Frank Jackson do not. Both philosophers have found problems with physicalism that seem to make the theory less sound. However, functionlists who are physicalists can argue back in objection to Nagel’s proposal to make the physicalists approach more sound. Thomas Nagel believes that physicalism has a problem because it does not account for consciousness. He uses the concept of â€Å"what it is like† to show how the idea of physicalism has a problem. To show that the world is not completely physical he questions what it is like for a bat to be a bat. One can know all of the physical facts and studied everything there is to know about a bat from anatomy to its physical appearance but oneShow MoreRelatedThe Mind Body Problem, By Thomas Nagel1352 Words   |  6 PagesConsciousness, Thomas Nagel states, â€Å"is what makes the mind-body problem really intractable.† Here he refers particularly to phenomenal consciousness, which Block defines as â€Å"perceptual experiences,† and Nagel describes as â€Å"something that it is to be.’ This experiential element appears to present a challenge to the physicalist assertion that all mental processes are explicable in terms of physical brain states, biochemical reactions and the laws of physics. Frank Jackson presents this argumentRead MoreThomas Nagel : A Summary And Critical Assessment1613 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Nagel: What Is It Like To Be a Bat?: A Summary and Critical Assessment Author: Daniella Soleimani Turnitin ID: 483308362 PHL 611 Philosophy of Mind Section 1 David Checkland Final Essay Friday, November 28th 2014 Common mistake that is often made is presuming the works of something or someone else’s consciousness. In fact, it is impossible to understand someone or something else’s consciousness without being them. In What Is It Like to Be a Bat, Thomas Nagel draws hisRead MoreThe Mind Brain Identity Theory1689 Words   |  7 Pagesof functionalism is introduced. This is the theory of the nature of mental states. This theory differs from the Mind-Brain Identity Theory, objecting its foundational claims. (I.1) According to functionalism, mental states are determined by what they do, rather than what they are made of. For example, a writing utensil is meant to be used to write, however they can come in many forms, such as pens, pencils, markers, quills and ink, etc. They can be created out of many materials, as long as they haveRead MoreAre Mental States To Neurobiological States?756 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter of experiences, sensations, [and] feelings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Churchla nd, 1). 2. Introspective- â€Å"observation or examination of ones own mental and emotional state†(Dictionary.com) Churchland begins her article by explaining Thomas Nagel belief of having a point of view. â€Å"[Thomas Nagel believes in having] a retrospective capacity, a capacity to know ones thoughts feelings and sensations, from the inside†¦[of] ones experiences† (Churchland, 1). She goes on to explain, â€Å"it is the qualia†¦of experiences, sensationRead MoreRelationship Between The Mind And The Brain1934 Words   |  8 Pagessame as physical brain; they both experience the same events. In response a dualist, such as Thomas Nagel, could argue that the mental and the physical, the mind and the body, are two completely separate things. In this essay, theories created in attempt to explain, solve, and challenge the mind-body problem will be explored and analyzed. To begin I will interpret the arguments presented by Thomas Nagel in response to physicalism and reductionism. Through his collection of essays, he refutes reductionism:Read MoreFrank Jacksons Knowledge Argument1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe knowledge argument is an argument against physicalism that was first formulated by Frank Jackson in 1982. While Jackson no longer endorses it, it is still regarded as one of the most important arguments in the philosophy of mind. Physicalism is the metaphysical thesis that, basically, everything in this world-including cars, humans, animals, research papers, even our sensations-are ultimately physical. The knowledge argument attempts to refute this thesis by appealing to the following made-upRead MoreThe Theory And Identity Theory, And Deal With The Multiple Realisability Argument1690 Words   |  7 Pagesform of the identity theory, and deal with the multiple realisability argument provided by Hillary Putman. Gottlob Frege provides his support for materialism by showing that mental states are determined by the function of the brain, while discounting Thomas Nagel’s argument which proposes the idea of Qualia. Both the functionalist theory and identity theory reach agreement on the materialistic view that the mind and brain are of the same substance. The Identity theory maintains a monistic belief byRead MoreDualism Vs Physicalism1766 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dualist philosophers Frank Jackson and Renà © Descartes. Frank Jackson, the writer of the article titled Epiphenomenal Qualia, is a dualist who classifies himself as a â€Å"qualia freak†. Qualia, in the simplest way possible, are explained as the â€Å"raw feels† of an experience or what it is like to have these experiences. In his text, he strives to prove that the mind is not physical by showing that physicalism is incomplete and therefore, is wrong. Within his text, Jackson describes how everyone perceivesRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem Is Soluble1874 Words   |  8 Pagesexplained once a language of perfect physics is developed; a seemingly logical conclusion given the constant overturning of previously believed non-physical facts by physics. However, as I will outline, respected philosophers such as Frank Jackson, Joseph Levine, Thomas Nagel and Colin McGinn believe that there are rational reasons to deny physicalism; their arguments complicate the solubility of the mind-body problem. I will explore each of those phil osopher’s arguments below then move on to explainRead MoreExplain What Simulation Theory Is And Evaluate Ravenscrofts Claim That It Is Superior1392 Words   |  6 PagesTurning now to Ravenscroft’s claims that ST is superior to TT, his core argument against TT is that it’s unable to reconcile the gap between theory and experience . Drawing upon intuitive day to day experiences and the thought experiments of Thomas Nagel’s bat and Frank Jackson’s â€Å"Mary† (who is confined to an entirely monochromatic existence, until â€Å"experiencing† the colour red ) Ravenscroft asserts the crucial distinction that knowing all the signifiers of an emotion (e.g. extreme grief) is entirely different

A Brief Note On The Major Micro Vascular Complication Of...

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 healthy volunteer who served as control group were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Plasma Ox-LDL, omentin- 1 and urinary LCN2 levels by immunoassy and TLR4 mRNA level with real time PCR were assessed. Results: TLR4 gene expression, Plasma ox-LDL, urinary LCN2 levels were increased in T2DM cases as compared to their allied control group with the higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM cases. Meanwhile Plasma omentin-1 level was decreased in T2DM cases when compa red to their allied control group with least values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM cases. Also there were positive correlations between TLR4 mRNA, ox-LDL, urinary LCN2 levels and serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, meanwhile omentin 1 showed negative correlations with serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Conclusions: Ox-LDL, TLR4, LCN2 and omentin 1 may confer a relevant role in diabetic nephropathy development andShow MoreRelatedMedical Test with Answers Essay example16933 Words   |  68 Pagesshould the nurse administer? A. 0.5 ml. B. 1 ml. C. 1.5 ml. Correct D. 2 ml. To correctly tabulate this problem, use the formula: Desired/On Hand, Or the algebraic formula: 75: x = 50 : 1. 50x = 75 x = 75/50 or reduced to 1.5 ml (C). Category: Fundamentals  ¶ The nurse is preparing to administer IV fluid to a client with a strict fluid restriction. IV tubing with which feature is most important for the nurse to select? A. Micro drop factor. B. Drop factor of 15 gtt/ml. C. An intact inline filter. DRead MoreComprehensive 1 Essay18452 Words   |  74 Pagesantiviral agents (D) are ineffective. Symptoms, such as fever, chills, headache, stiff neck, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes are more typical, not nausea and vomiting (C).   Category:   Community Health Awarded 1.0 points out of 1.0 possible points. 2. 2.ID: 310982379 The nurse is planning a wellness program aimed at primary prevention in the community. Which action should the nurse implement? A.   Immunizations that decrease occurrences of many contagious diseases.  Correct B.   Blood pressure screenings

Teenagers Are Out Living And Enjoying Their Life - 952 Words

Most responsible teenagers are out living and enjoying their life but an unexpected pregnancy or a pressured marriage has you tied down at home. Your friends are flying through school, graduating, moving on to college and creating a solid foundation for their lives. You missed out on so much school that you are unable to graduate. You have a husband that you rarely get along with anymore. No one really wants to hang out with someone who stays at home all day with a child attached to their hip at their age. Children in the modern world are growing up in the blink of an eye. Despite steps taken to educate them and prevent life changing events that will effect them forever, it is not enough. They have grandparents and relatives pushing them into marriage because of an unplanned child. Marrying someone because of an unplanned pregnancy is neither good for the parents nor the child and should not be the answer to the problem. Many people from the older generation believe that the â€Å"r ight thing to do† when a girl becomes pregnant is to get married. That seems to be their answer to the whole situation despite the facts of these so called shotgun weddings don’t normally last. Being rushed into such a big commitment can have devastating effects on you and your life. With these type of marriages; older couples have a better success rate than couples that are younger. The older couples are more experienced and know what they want out of life. They have had more time toShow MoreRelatedThe Success of Coca Cola Through Advertising Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pageswell as appealing to a wide range of ages as a result of the companys careful planning in their advertising of the product. This is due to the fact that no matter what the people in the advertisement are doing, the advert portrays them enjoying themselves. Talking on the phone or jus sitting down by the window reading a book are things that young people regard as being boring or some how un cool but in the adverts these everyday activities are shown with the addition ofRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Our Lives865 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies, friends and also for networking, but in general my post is more likely about my family , â€Å"Selfies† or just simple funny post that I may like. In particular, social media allows me to have easy communication access with significant other that are out of the country. Many of Us for the most part has been affected by social media in their daily person to person interaction now days, the texting, email and media account like â€Å"Facebook† just to mention one of them ,has been eliminating the phone callsRead MoreSocial Media On Our Society870 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies, friends and also for networking, but in general my post is more likely about my family , â€Å"Selfies† or just simple funny post that I may like. In particular, social media allows me to have easy communication access with significant other that are out of the country. Many of Us for the most part has been affected by social media in their daily person to person interaction now days, the texting, email and media account like â€Å"Facebook† just to mention one of them ,has been eliminating the phone callsRead MoreSocial Media On Our Society867 Words   |  4 Pagesfriends and also for networking, but in general my post are more likely about my family , â€Å"Selfies† or just simple funnies post that I may like. In particular social media allows me to have easy communication access with significant other that are out of the country. Many of Us for the most part has been affecting by social media in their daily person to person interaction now days, the texting, email and media account like â€Å"Facebook† just to mention one of them ,has been eliminating the phoneRead MoreLife Is Broken Down Into Stages901 Words   |  4 Pages Life is broken down into stages. From conception to birth a person is at their most vulnerable point. Developing into a toddler and growing up into a child is when a person s life beings to take shape. Adding to this shape is the growth into a teenager making important choices and an adult to figuring out who you are leading on to a senior and the elderly having went through these stages now old and back to their fragile state. Ultimately life ends in the unavoidable outcome, death. From conceptionRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : Society s Biggest Problem1503 Words   |  7 Pagesmany decisions a teen parent must make in life. It is today s biggest issue because it affects teen pa rent s future in many results. The three most important things that it affects is education, financial problems, and being a teenage parent. Those three important things are key to each other in order to succeed in life. Teenage Parents are most likely to struggle with these issues and the child will grow up with many different kinds of problems in their life. Most of that will cause poverty and typesRead MoreThe Importance Of Birthdays In American Culture1208 Words   |  5 Pagesperson gets older. The next â€Å"very important† birthday in the American culture is the time where boys and girls are no longer considered â€Å"kids† and are now â€Å"teenagers.† The age 13 in American culture is when one enters their teenage years. Years with more responsibility and something every kid looks forward too. For some reason being a teenager is so much cooler than being an eleven or twelve year old. Celebrations often include friends and more expensive parties that symbolize growing up. Im talkingRead MoreSocial Media s Apparent Advancements Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesto communicate with one another, with options such as chatting and posting pictures. And while we can do that, some disadvantages come with social networking. Over the years many incidents have occurred where someone’s private pictures, opinion, or life in general have gotten into the hands of the wrong person. In the article â€Å"Did the Internet Kill Privacy† Ashley Payne, a tea cher in Barrow County, Georgia was asked to resign from her job due to her posting a picture on Facebook holding beer and wineRead MoreSuicide and Depression1482 Words   |  6 PagesFor some teens, striving for perfection has led to harming their own health and wellbeing such as living with depression and suicide. Teenagers today are relying on what they see in ads, T.V., magazines and on the internet for their input on appearances, the way they think not only comes from media sources, but from family and friends. Just how does family and friends play a role in depression and suicide? Families and friends play a great role in our existences. If parents show signs of depressionRead MoreHappy and Succeed911 Words   |  4 Pagesthey want to persuade in life and accomplish, many other students don’t have a clue about anything they want to do nor persuade so for example, in the article The Pink Floyd Night School by Mark Edmundson, he as many other students after graduating high school didn’t know what he was going to do or study as a career, basically he had no clue of what he wanted. Life experience brought him the knowledge of knowing what he wanted to do in his career life. Edmundson uses many life experiences, as well as

Marketing Management Questions Essay Example For Students

Marketing Management Questions Essay Marketing Management 1. As a market researcher for a cable television company seeking to determine the number of multi-dwelling buildings in a selected neighborhood, your best chance of acquiring this information quickly would be a. census information available on the Internet. b. the local Better Business Bureau. c. interviews with neighborhood leaders. d. the local Chamber of Commerce. e. an aerial survey of surrounding neighborhoods. 2. Everyday low pricing is a strategy devoted to continuous low prices as opposed to a. seasonal changes in prices based on current demand. b. urely cost-based prices that vary as the manufacturers costs vary. c. relying on short-term price-cutting tactics such as cents-off coupons, rebates, and special sales. d. prices that are set daily, weekly, or monthly in reaction to competitors actions. e. prices based on what the firm feels the market will bear. 3. Customer relationship management (CRM), is a. the defining concept that identifies communication between the parties to a transaction. b. a process used to retain customers when purchases are based on low price or convenience. c. best used when the seller has infrequent customer contact. . the combination of strategies and tools that drive relationship programs, reorienting the entire firm to a concentrated focus on satisfying customers. e. a technique used to create a company focus on individual and immediate sales. 4. The most obvious distinction between not-for-profit and for-profit commercial firms is a. more exact financial and marketing goals on the part of the not-forprofits. b. the inability of the not-for-profits to sell tangible goods. c. a different way of looking at the bottom line by the two different organization types. . the greater amount of control the customers of the not-for-profits exercise on their activities. e. the ability of not-for-profits to operate without the assistance of volunteers from the general population. 5. The problems associated with the decision of whether to lunch at Popeyes, Burger King, Taco Tico, or Little Saigon (a Vietnamese restaurant) illustrate a. how direct competition affects consumer behavior. b. how some products and services are competitive substitutes for each other. c. the strange food tastes of some of us I mean, Taco Tico? d. he universal nature of competition. e. that some people just cant make up their minds. 6. Todays sales representatives role in the promotion process has changed from that of persuader to that of a. technician and expert on product repair. b. process designer. c. consultant and problem solver. d. close friend and confidant. e. joke-telling, backslapping fellow-well-met. 7. This retailing format, averaging 300,000 square feet in size, seeks to offer a combination of shopping, entertainment, and restaurants in an attractive environment preserving the intimacy of neighborhood retailing. . Such a shopping center is known as a power center. b. A facility of this magnitude is called a national mall. c. This type of facility is known as a lifestyle center. d. Most such centers are now known as downtowns. e. This describes the earliest type of planned shopping center, the linear strip. 8. When brands are difficult to categorize or evaluate and significant effort is required to analyze purchase alternatives, the type of consumer problemsolving that typically results is a. research analysis. b. extensive analysis buying. c. limited problem solving. d. xtended problem solving. e. evaluative problem solving. 9. Which of the following statements is most true about U. S. Internet users? a. African Americans are three times more likely to be Internet users than Americans of Asian or Pacific Island origin. b. People in Alaska, New Hampshire, and Colorado are among the least likely to use the Internet. c. Low income rural dwellers account for less than three percent of Internet users. .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 , .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .postImageUrl , .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 , .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:hover , .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:visited , .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:active { border:0!important; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:active , .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78 .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8f941460af96bfa35eed3b5850b5c78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Neil Young in Halifax Essay d. Caucasian Americans typically use the Internet only at work. e. The median age of Internet users is expected to decline in the future. 0. The idea that a large percent of a products sales revenues come from a relatively small, loyal group of its purchasers is the a. true blue syndrome. b. cohort effect. c. 80/20 principle. d. purchase aggregation basis. e. traditional believers effect. 11. A product which has achieved the status of brand insistence a. moves from the unknown to the known category, increasing its probability of purchase. b. has the advantage of being preferred to other products, but only if it is available. c. must be price competitive if it is to keep its status. d. ust have a distinctive identity character like the Pillsbury Doughboy. e. has achieved a monopoly position with its consumers. 12. When marketing partners share the cost of a promotional campaign that meets their mutual needs, the general term for the activity is a. mutual support. b. cross promotion. c. spending push money. d. trading promotion. e. partnership advertising. 13. Television advertising that suggests that consumers take a proactive role in family health care by requesting that their physicians prescribe specific medications they see advertised raises issues of ethics in . product strategy. b. price strategy. c. packaging strategy. d. distribution strategy. e. promotion strategy. 14. Of the following, which is NOT generally considered to be part of a national infrastructure? a. the transportation and communication networks b. a banking industry c. consumer goods retailing d. the utilities system e. public services 15. A companys buying center encompasses a. a group of people formally assigned to participate in the buying process. b. formally designated gatekeepers, deciders, and buyers. c. everyone who is involved in any aspect of its buying action. d. designated buying team that oversees the entire process of procurement. e. the purchasing task force that professionally buys hard goods and tooling. 16. Showroom retailers are able to offer low prices as a result of a. larger physical location. b. inexpensive warehouse space, reduced shoplifting losses, and long-lived products. c. high volume of perishable items. d. quick purchase process because of a large number of service representatives. e. offering a very small number of high volume items. 17. An example of a direct-selling strategy in the consumer goods market is a. the party plan. b. gents calling on wholesalers. c. the traditional channel for consumer goods. d. vending machines. e. telemarketing by industrial distributors. 18. The gap between what customers expect and what they receive when dealing with a firm is a. related to the price they paid for something, not its quality. b. always positive because the higher of the two values is counted first. c. impossible to measure because its subjective, not objective. d. one measure of their satisfaction with a firm and its products. e. one of the traditional methods of testing new products. 19. In SWOT analysis, a vulnerability occurs when . internal organizational weaknesses prevent taking advantage of an opportunity. b. environmental threats attack organizational weaknesses. c. organizational strengths grasp opportunities. d. environmental threats are posed to organizational strengths. e. organizational strengths prevent improving environmental weaknesses. 20. In an integrated marketing communications program, which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which a customer may have contact with the organization? a. direct mail b. personal letters from competitors c. personal selling d. Internet messages e. media advertising 21. Which of the following statements about the international aspects of distribution strategy is true? a. Transportation systems and warehousing facilities may be unavailable or of poor quality in a given foreign market. b. Switzerlands train system, the Volksbahn, is of especially poor quality. c. Because of different cultural approaches to business, international marketers should avoid local distributors. d. Europeans have never responded to direct-by-television sales efforts. .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d , .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .postImageUrl , .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d , .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:hover , .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:visited , .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:active { border:0!important; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:active , .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f9714a02be4d7899c500785a5138d6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing Japan and Thailand Essay e. Distribution in a foreign country is best handled by government agencies rather than left to the discretion of an individual firm. 2. Of the following, which of the following would most likely be the factor having the greatest influence on the decision to buy a homogeneous shopping product? a. the products style b. the stores name and reputation c. the brand name of the product d. the price and perceived value of the product e. uniqueness of the product 23. Demand is said to be inelastic when a. the demand curve and the supply curve do not cross. b. total cost and total revenue are equal at all levels of demand. c. the calculated elasticity of demand is less than 1. d. the calculated elasticity of demand is greater than 1. e. he calculated elasticity of demand is equal to 1. 24. Profit maximization is a. a volume pricing objective. b. not a pricing objective. c. determined by the point at which the marginal revenue curve intersects the marginal cost curve. d. achieved by most firms in the marketplace. e. the addition to total costs balanced by the increase in total quantity sold. 25. Examples of products having target markets differentiated by age group are a. headache and cold remedies. b. nostalgic products and retro toys like Sock Monkey. c. cookies, candies, and baking goods. d. automotive motor oil and gasoline. e. tissue, paper towels, and plastic utensils.

WeberDurkheimMarx and how they account for religio Essay Example For Students

WeberDurkheimMarx and how they account for religio Essay nHow do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.Marx studied philosophy in Berlin under William Hegel. Hegels philosophy had a decisive influence upon Marxs own thinking and theories. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice. Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in society. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. This is the origin of his comment that religion is the opium of the people. People do not have an objective view of the world; they see it from the restricted point of view of their own positions.(p.35) At times I may seem to be focusing more on economic rather than religious theory, but that is because Marxs basic stance is that everything is always about economics. We will write a custom essay on WeberDurkheimMarx and how they account for religio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now According to Marx, humans even from their earliest beginnings are notmotivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. At the beginning, people worked together in unity and it wasnt so bad. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. These two facts created a division of labor and a separation of classes based upon power and wealth. This material organization of society is what Marx calls class consciousness. This, in turn, created the social conflict that drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. Confrontation between them is unavoidable because those classes are driven by historical forces beyond anyones control. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. A laborer might produce enough value to feed his family in two hours of work, but he keeps at the job for a full day in Marxs time, that might be 12 or 14 hours. Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives marriage, church, government, arts, etc. can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. It should be clear now that religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. As Marx wrote, The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. Marx asserts that religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else so much so that the actual doctrines of the religions are almost irrelevant. This is a functionalist interpretation of religion understanding religion is not dependent upon the content of beliefs, but what social purpose religion itself serves. Marx believes that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to provide reasons and excuses to keep society functioning just as it is. Just as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion also takes our qualities our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. Religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor. Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them that this is OK because they will find that true happiness in the next life. For Marx, the problem lies in the fact that just like an opiate drug fails to fix a physical injury it merely helps you forget your pain and suffering, religion also does not fix the underlying causes of peoples pain and suffering instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and get them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain will cease instead of workin g to change circumstances now. Even worse, this drug of religion is being administered by the same oppressors who are ultimately responsible for the pain and suffering in the first place. Emile Durkheim continued with Marxs theories in his book The Elementary forms of Religious Life that was published just a few years before his death, in 1912. As Marx had argued that every class had its own conscious view of reality, Durkheim went further to demonstrate that even the most basic social ideas as time, space and God can be seen as creations of society. Durkheim suggests that there is not one reality but many and that this reality only exists because of the symbolic creations of humans and their rituals. Durkheim studied the aboriginal tribes of Australia in an effort to understand religion. He concluded that religion always involves a distinction between things that are sacred and things that are profane. Durkheim uses the example of the totem pole that functions to hold the tribe together. The totemic animal, Durkheim believed, was the original focus of religious activity because it was the emblem for a social group, the clan. He thought that the function of religion was to make people willing to put the interests of society ahead of their own desires. All members of the tribe gather together to perform periodic totem rituals, it is these rituals that set the rules for social order. It is forbidden to kill or harm the totem animal and it is therefor forbidden to kill or harm ones fellow tribesmen who name themselves after the totem. In the modern Christian religion, Durkeim argues that the moral commandments such as The Golden Rule and The Ten Commandments are primarily social rules. These rules regulate humans behavior toward eachother and serve to maintain a sense of social unity. People do not follow these rules out of their fear for heaven or hell but for their desire to be accepted by society. If they participate in the religious rituals they will feel a sense of belonging, whereas those who break the rules and avoid the rituals suffer from social isolation. To Durkheim, God is merely a symbol of society. .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .postImageUrl , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:hover , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:visited , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:active { border:0!important; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:active , .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119 .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc5af292879c736e8e901ba71e7c6119:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism EssayMax Webers sociology is the foundation of scientific sociology of religion in a sense of typological and objective understanding. Rejecting Karl Marxs evolutionary law of class society, or Emile Durkheims sustained law of moral society, Weber established the understanding sociology of the subjective meaning of religious action or inaction. He argued that the transformation of religion allowed for social changes where people could now work together to gain economic wealth. In a primitive society there were many gods, those kinsmen who worshipped the same household god as you could be trusted but those strangers who worshipped a different god were aliens an d could not be trusted. The rise of the great world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, separated the idea of the natural world from the idea of the spiritual world. Instead of gods and spirits, people become widely concerned with the idea of heaven and hell. Weber argues that the idea of a universal God allowed for laws based on consistent general principles. Religion itself can also develop in new directions. (P.133) In primitive religions one prays to the gods to make his crops grow or kill off enemies. In the event of a natural disaster the kinsmen would believe that the gods were angry with them and continue to hold ceremonial sacrifices until the weather was better. It was this fear of the gods that kept the primitive kinsmen from trusting anyone else. In this new spiritual realm, the righteous individual who follows all the rituals and laws of his religion can still hope for salvation even if his has bad fortune. The ideas of good and evil can develop separately from the ideas of wor ldly success and failure.(P.134)In Webers writing The Protestant Ethic he discusses the role that religion played in the rise of capitalism. This new religious breakthrough opened many of the doors to industrialization: laying the basis for a moral community of trust underlying peaceful commerce; rationalizing the legal system; motivating people to remake political, social, and economic institutions in keeping with an imperative to transform the world more closely to the ideal.(P.134) Religion was now responsible for uniting and enlarging a community who could live together in peace with the same moral and ethical code of conduct. Weber believed that the Protestant ethic broke the hold of tradition while it encouraged men to apply themselves rationally to their work. Calvinism, he found, had developed a set of beliefs around the concept of predestination. Followers of Calvin believed that one could not do good works or perform acts of faith to assure your place in heaven. You were e ither among the elect (in which case you were in) or you were not. However, wealth was taken as a sign by you and your neighbors that you were one of the Gods elect, thereby providing encouragement for people to acquire wealth. The Protestant ethic therefore provided religious sanctions that fostered a spirit of rigorous discipline, encouraging men to apply themselves rationally to acquire wealth. This naturalistic approach to religion represented a fundamental paradigm shift in how religion was to be viewed. Instead of requiring clergy in order to understand religion, the requirement became facts and information and research. Whether you agree with the evaluation of the social function of religion as Marx did, that religion was the opium of the people, as Durkheim did that religion was what made moral society hold together, or with Webers The Protestant ethic, it is obvious that religion played a key role in the development of society. 1- Collins, Makowisky; The Discovery of SocietyHow do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.Marx studied philosophy in Berlin under William Hegel. Hegels philosophy had a decisive influence upon Marxs own thinking and theories. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice. Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in socie ty. Religion is not the disease, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited. This is the origin of his comment that religion is the opium of the people. People do not have an objective view of the world; they see it from the restricted point of view of their own positions.(p.35) At times I may seem to be focusing more on economic rather than religious theory, but that is because Marxs basic stance is that everything is always about economics. According to Marx, humans even from their earliest beginnings are notmotivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive. This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. At the beginning, people worked together in unity and it wasnt so bad. But eventually, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property. These two facts created a division of labor and a separation of classes based upon power and wealth. This material organization of society is what Marx calls class consciousness. This, in turn, created the social conflict that drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes. Confrontation between them is unavoidable because those classes are driven by historical forces beyond anyones control. Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories. A laborer might produce enough value to feed his family in two hours of work, but he keeps at the job for a full day in Marxs time, that might be 12 or 14 hours. Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history generating division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo. Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives marriage, church, government, arts, etc. can only be truly understood when examined in relation to economic forces. It should be clear now that religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces. As Marx wrote, The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. Marx asserts that religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else so much so that the actual doctrines of the religions are almost irrelevant. This is a functionalist interpretation of religion understanding religion is not dependent upon the content of beliefs, but what social purpose religion itself serves. .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .postImageUrl , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:hover , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:visited , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:active { border:0!important; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:active , .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1 .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udcdd97efcf7b4ff10d67e94cc10529f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill of rights EssayMarx believes that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to provide reasons and excuses to keep society functioning just as it is. Just as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion also takes our qualities our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god. Religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor. Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them that this is OK because they will find that true happiness in the next life. For Marx, the problem lies in the fact that just like an opiate drug fails to fix a physical injury it merely helps you forget your pain and suffering, religion also does not fix the underlying causes of peoples pain and suffering instead, it helps them forget why they are suffering and get them to look forward to an imaginary future when the pain will cease instead of working to change circumstances now. Even worse, this drug of religion is being administered by the same oppressors who are ultimately responsible for the pain and suffering in the first place. Emile Durkheim continued with Marxs theories in his book The Elementary forms of Religious Life that was published just a few years before his death, in 1912. As Marx had argued that every class had its own conscious view of reality, Durkheim went further to demonstrate that even the most basic social ideas as time, space and God can be seen as creations of society. Durkheim suggests that there is not one reality but many and that this reality only exists because of the symbolic creations of humans and their rituals. Durkheim studied the aboriginal tribes of Australia in an effort to understand religion. He concluded that religion always involves a distinction between things that are sacred and things that are profane. Durkheim uses the example of the totem pole that functions to hold the tribe together. The totemic animal, Durkheim believed, was the original focus of religious activity because it was the emblem for a social group, the clan. He thought that the function of religion was to make people willing to put the interests of society ahead of their own desires. All members of the tribe gather together to perform periodic totem rituals, it is these rituals that set the rules for social order. It is forbidden to kill or harm the totem animal and it is therefor forbidden to kill or harm ones fellow tribesmen who name themselves after the totem. In the modern Christian religion, Durkeim argues that the moral commandments such as The Golden Rule and The Ten Commandments are primarily social rules. These rules regulate humans behavior toward eachother and serve to maintain a sense of social unity. People do not follow these rules out of their fear for heaven or hell but for their desire to be accepted by society. If they participate in the religious rituals they will feel a sense of belonging, whereas those who break the rules and avoid the rituals suffer from social isolation. To Durkheim, God is merely a symbol of society. Max Webers sociology is the foundation of scientific sociology of religion in a sense of typological and objective understanding. Rejecting Karl Marxs evolutionary law of class society, or Emile Durkheims sustained law of moral society, Weber established the understanding sociology of the subjective meaning of religious action or inaction. He argued that the transformation of religion allowed for social changes where people could now work together to gain economic wealth. In a primitive society there were many gods, those kinsmen who worshipped the same household god as you could be trusted but those strangers who worshipped a different god were aliens and could not be trusted. The rise of the great world religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, separated the idea of the natural world from the idea of the spiritual world. Instead of gods and spirits, people become widely concerned with the idea of heaven and hell. Weber argues that the idea of a universal God allowed for laws based on consistent general principles. Religion itself can also develop in new directions. (P.133) In primitive religions one prays to the gods to make his crops grow or kill off enemies. In the event of a natural disaster the kinsmen would believe that the gods were angry with them and continue to hold ceremonial sacrifices until the weather was better. It was this fear of the gods that kept the primitive kinsmen from trusting anyone else. In this new spiritual realm, the righteous individual who follows all the rituals and laws of his religion can still hope for salvation even if his has bad fortune. The ideas of good and evil can develop separately from the ideas of wor ldly success and failure.(P.134)In Webers writing The Protestant Ethic he discusses the role that religion played in the rise of capitalism. This new religious breakthrough opened many of the doors to industrialization: laying the basis for a moral community of trust underlying peaceful commerce; rationalizing the legal system; motivating people to remake political, social, and economic institutions in keeping with an imperative to transform the world more closely to the ideal.(P.134) Religion was now responsible for uniting and enlarging a community who could live together in peace with the same moral and ethical code of conduct. Weber believed that the Protestant ethic broke the hold of tradition while it encouraged men to apply themselves rationally to their work. Calvinism, he found, had developed a set of beliefs around the concept of predestination. Followers of Calvin believed that one could not do good works or perform acts of faith to assure your place in heaven. You were e ither among the elect (in which case you were in) or you were not. However, wealth was taken as a sign by you and your neighbors that you were one of the Gods elect, thereby providing encouragement for people to acquire wealth. The Protestant ethic therefore provided religious sanctions that fostered a spirit of rigorous discipline, encouraging men to apply themselves rationally to acquire wealth. This naturalistic approach to religion represented a fundamental paradigm shift in how religion was to be viewed. Instead of requiring clergy in order to understand religion, the requirement became facts and information and research. Whether you agree with the evaluation of the social function of religion as Marx did, that religion was the opium of the people, as Durkheim did that religion was what made moral society hold together, or with Webers The Protestant ethic, it is obvious that religion played a key role in the development of society. 1- Collins, Makowisky; The Discovery of SocietyHow do we account for religion its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a more naturalistic approach developed. Instead of needing to believe in the truth of the religion, what was required was just the opposite: intellectual detachment and a suspension of belief. Three people who ended up doing just that were Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber.Bibliography:

Toyotas European Strategy and Brand Reposition

Toyotas European Strategy and Brand Reposition Executive SummaryToyota is the second largest car manufacturer and seller in the world today. In Europe ithas long been a marginal player as compared to its other endeavors in markets within US,Asia and Latin America. Over the last few years Toyota's market share has increased inEurope even though the European market has several strong regional competitors.Toyota's vision is to capture 5% of the Old World's roadway by 2005.However, the problem persists of how to establish Toyota as a brand in the Europeanmarket. According to (www.economist.com, 2006), Toyota has been a major success inNorth America controlling over 10% of the market share but it cannot apply the samemarketing strategy in the European market. Europe has several countries, within whichthe population exhibits its own unique preferences for certain automobile brands.With rising fuel prices, growing concern for the environment and an excellenttransportation system throughout Europe, Toyota has a challenge in establishing itself.English: 3rd generation Toyota Prius G (2009/5 - )...Toyota must try and establish itself as a brand within Europe, specifically, a brand thatcaters to both the needs of the European market and consumer but, also makes Europe apart of the new motoring world. To successfully do this Toyota Motor Europe (TME)needs to do an extensive review of the current and future market, keeping stride with thevarious market segments in the region.Another important factor that TME would have to pay specific attention to is the socioeconomic factors prevalent in Europe currently. A combination of extensive marketresearch and the flawless creation of a new Toyota brand would take it beyond itsambition of achieving 5% growth in market share.Situation AnalysisToyota had first started exporting to Europe in the early 1960's beginning with countrieslike Malta, Cyprus and Denmark. The European market...

Viruses are living organisms Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Viruses are living organisms - Research Proposal Example Viruses are not as alive as bacteria because bacteria are proven to contain DNA which is missing in Viruses. However Viruses are not dead. They may lie dormant for certain period of time and then become active when they find a host. Thus we can say that viruses are very close to life and are only looking for a suitable host. Once the host is found, viruses can multiply rapidly just like bacteria. Mahy (1998) explains, "Outside a living cell, viruses are unable to multiply; they must enter a living cell - called the host cell - to reproduce. Thus, viruses exist at the threshold of life, and their multiplication is intricately bound up with cellular processes of the host. For this reason, antibiotics, which stop the multiplication of bacteria, cannot be used against viruses, since most substances that stop virus multiplication will also kill the host cells." As mentioned above, another important distinction lies in the presence or absence of DNA that distinguishes viruses from other living organisms like plants and bacteria. For an organism to qualify as living, it must contain both DNA and RNA. DNA is responsible for heredity while RNA aids in cellular functions. In most viruses, only RNA is found while DNA is missing. But interestingly scientists have found some viruses that contain DNA and no RNA. In other words, viruses are still not living organisms in the way bacteria are because to qualify as a living thing, they must have both RNA and DNA. Absence of either one can mean sub-life existence. Viruses are also different on account of the genes present in them. It must be argued that living organisms need a large number of genes to qualify as living things. Based on this presumption, we can say that even the smallest of bacteria are more alive than viruses. This is explained by Oldstone (2000) in these words: "Viruses have relatively few genes compared with other organisms. Measles virus, yellow fever virus, poliomyelitis virus, Lassa fever virus, Ebola virus, Hantavirus, as well as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have fewer than ten genes each, whereas a smallpox virus may contain between 200 and 400 genes. These numbers compare with 5,000 to 10,000 genes for the smallest bacteria and approximately 80,000 to 100,000 genes for a human." (p. 9) These are the reasons why Viruses are neither called dead nor alive. They however qualify for a near-alive status because once they find a host; they can multiply with amazing rapidity and can suddenly become very active. In their dormant state however, they are nothing more than a speck of nucleic acid material. It must then be concluded that viruses cannot be called alive in the true sense of the word though they are almost-alive and act like parasites waiting for a suitable host. It must also be mentioned here that a living organism is one that is not dependent on other organism for its survival. Viruses meet this requirement to an extent because while they depend on a host for multiplication and activity, they do not exactly die when they are left alone. Instead they stay dormant till they find an organism to live upon. "Viruses never really die. If viruses are not actively reproducing, they can indefinitely maintain an inert state." (Goudsmit, p. 5) It would thus not be wrong to say that viruses maintain an almost-alive state but are not as living as bacteria or some other organisms capable of reproduction. They do not both DNA

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 35

Economics - Essay Example Neoclassical synthesis was a post-war economic concept which combined the Keynesian macroeconomics and microeconomics of the neoclassical school of thought (Mankiw, 2006). Paul Samuelson personified and popularized the neoclassical synthesis by trying to make a solid mathematical foundation of economics. This has led to the current domination of neoclassical synthesis in mainstream economics. The mainstream economics combines the supply and demand models of markets with Keynesian theory (Mankiw, 2006). It provides that costs and opportunities play an important part in shaping the decision making process of economic agents. For example, the consumer theory of demand is a model of mainstream economics which determines how prices (costs) affect quantity demanded of a particular product. In this case, decision makers (e.g. consumers) will choose products with lower costs or prices; hence affecting quantity demanded. One of the theoretical assumptions of neoclassical microeconomics is the allocation of scarce resources among unlimited wants. It is assumed that people develop rational preferences of identifiable outcomes that can be valued. Consumers/households maximize utility while firms maximize profits. Provided that they get access to sufficient information, individuals make independent decisions and act independently. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply are the main theoretical foundations of Keynesian macroeconomics (Mankiw, 2006). The IS-LM model is the basic theory of aggregate demand. When these two classes of theoretical foundations (neoclassical microeconomics and Keynesian macroeconomics) are combined, they result in short-run economic fluctuations which form the basis of mainstream economics. The new neoclassical synthesis borrows the general equilibrium theory from the new classical models. The microeconomic foundations of preferences and constraints also form the basis of the

Euthanasia Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia Essay Introduction Essay Introduction According to the American Cancer Society (2015), it is estimated that there were 589,430 cancer deaths among men and women. Everybody has the right to autonomy and the autonomy factor of the individual plays a vital role when euthanasia is chosen to be used. It can be a very difficult time for the patient’s family and friends but it is the patient who is deeply suffering from the situation. Euthanasia is not a practice that is legal across America; instead it is only legal in 5 states which include Washington, Oregon, Montana, Vermont and New Mexico. When understanding the use of euthanasia, it is very important to recognize the patients’ perspective. A physician must understand exactly what the mindset of the patient and their family before they proceed. This particular study researches and examines the autonomy aspect on the use of euthanasia from the patients’ perspective. It is also important to recognize that there are patients that are afraid of the legalization of euthanasia and the ones that decide to choose this option. Background Euthanasia is a practice used on patents to end their life in order to end the pain and suffering that is caused by cancer. Euthanasia has caused a lot of controversy over the years due to moral and religious reasons. However, there are patients all over the world that are suffering daily from the unbearable pain which is making them even consider the use of euthanasia. Some may argue that it is the autonomy of the patient should be the final ruling on whether or not euthanasia should be used. Others may say that although patient autonomy should be considered as an important factor on the use of euthanasia but it is viewed as a form of medical abuse. Over the years the aspect of patient autonomy has shifted dramatically in which it now strongly overpowers paternalism. In this particular study, the researchers felt that is was important to fully understand the viewpoint of the cancer patients and what they truly feel about the use of euthanasia. Every patient has their own perspectives of euthanasia and this research  aims to target the thoughts that revolve around the minds of these individuals. This can be a very complicated type of study because it is a very sensitive topic but the researchers feel that the in-depth interviews can reveal crucial information. There are many facts and information known about euthanasia but very little is actually noted by health professionals. Patients and Methods According to the researchers, there were a total of 66 informants that were interviewed for this study. It was also mentioned by the researchers that the study was â€Å"initiated in 1997, but due to one researcher’s own fatal disease, the project was postponed, but then restarted, with additional interviewing, in 2007† (Karlsson et al, 2011, p.35). The requirements were that patients had to be â€Å"over 18 years, suffering from cancer in a palliative phase†¦ no obvious disorientation and not currently suffering from a psychological crisis† (Karlsson et al, p.35). The patients were selected from five different units which consisted of various organizations and clinics. Each interview that was conducted was based on set topics that included matters based on the informants’ perspectives on euthanasia and its legalization in Sweden. It was also specified that each interview were examined in a qualitative manner and â€Å"tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim, ranging in size from 800 to 10,000 words† (Karlsson et al, p. 35). Results After conducting the interviews, researchers have come to a conclusion that there were many patients that had neutral opinions on the use of euthanasia. Furthermore, there were some patients who might actually consider euthanasia. Many also thought it was unnecessary to continue living with such harsh health conditions. With this study it was also realized that the perspectives on euthanasia were not particularly similar between the terminally ill patients. It was a very interesting discovery because there were patients that had two totally different viewpoints. The issue of trust is a very important factor when trying to determine their thoughts on euthanasia. The relationship between the family, patient and the physician were also brought up by the patients. These patients have very different views on the value of trust where some have complete trust, trust with some  doubt, and absolutely no trust in the physicians and their family. Ethical considerations Before the actual research was conducted it was first approved by regional board of ethics. It was stated by the researchers that â€Å"The selected patients were provided with written information of the study by staff members, and if interested, they were approached by the researcher, receiving further information† (Karlsson et al., p. 35). It is important for health care officials to fully recognize the different perspectives and thoughts on euthanasia. Autonomy is a very large part of the decision and it is very important to consider their individual rights. Providing information to the patient and their family can always be helpful in their final decision. Because there are so many different viewpoints on euthanasia, it is very important for the health care providers to individually understand each patient’s needs. Conclusions This research can be critical to changing the personal thoughts of health care professionals. Although, this topic is a very complicated issue, this research tends to clarify many aspects of euthanasia. It was concluded that some patients wanted to make the final decision, others wanted guidance and help from the family, and some wanted the health care professionals to make the final decision. The trust factor plays a huge role in the use of euthanasia as these terminally ill patients may not always have right mindset to make a decision. Patient autonomy is considered to be more important nowadays in the field of health work as doctors and physicians have less influence on the decisions of the patients. Overall, with this study it shows the importance to recognize the various mindsets of these individuals. References American Cancer Society. (2015). Estimated Deaths for the Four Major Cancers by Sex and Age Group. Estimated Deaths for the Four Major Cancers by Sex and Age Group. Karlsson, M., Milberg, A., Strang, P. (2011). Dying cancer patients’ own opinions on euthanasia: An expression of autonomy? A qualitative study. Palliative Medicine. Vol. 26. Pgs 34-42.

Homer’s Iliad - The Shield of Achilles Essay -- Iliad essays

Homer’s Iliad - The Shield of Achilles Homer devotes the final passages of Book 18 of The Iliad to the description of the shield of Achilles. Only a quarter of the description concerns warfare, the essential grist of the epic. Instead, the bulk of the description presents a peaceful society and rural idylls, a curious choice for the most ferocious warrior of the Greeks, and an odd thing for both armies to fear. A narrative emerges from the scenes of the shield, and it is this that fits Achilles and repulses everyone else. We expect Achilles’ shield to unsettle his adversaries—that is, after all, one of the objectives of a shield. Indeed, Achilles returns to battle "shining in all his armour, a man like the murderous war god" (Iliad 20.46).1 Once he and Hektor are alone on the battlefield, the shield shines: like that star which comes on in the autumn and whose conspicuous brightness far outshines the stars that are numbered in the night’s darkening, the star they give the name of Orion’s Dog, which is brightest among the stars, and yet is wrought as a sign of evil and brings on the great fever for unfortunate mortals. (22.26-31) We need not wonder, then, when Priam and Hecuba supplicate Hektor to return to Troy in the face of this practically cosmic onslaught. But what is unusual is that Achilles’ own men avoid the shield: "None had the courage / to look straight at it. They were afraid of it" (19.14-15). Here even the narration relies on the pronoun "it" instead of explicitly identifying the shield as the source of... ...ictory. If Achilles had chosen to leave, not only would he have been a good son, but the Trojans might have won the war, meaning both he and Priam would have had something to which they could look forward, and three-fourths of the shield’s story would not have been left unfulfilled. In staying, he contributes not only to his own demise, but also to that of the Trojans. This knowledge causes "the anger to come harder upon him" (19.16), and yet "he was glad" (19.18). The great dilemma of Achilles is forever immortalized on his shield, so that some lesser man in the future would be able to read the narrative upon it and say: "This armor was Achilles’, a man who forfeited the rest of his life for grim combat. The gods do not force most men to choose like that." NOTES 1. Homer, The Iliad, trans. Richmond Lattimore (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951).

Asses the View That Childhood Is Not a Fixed Universal Experience Essay

Asses the view that childhood is not a fixed universal experience- Sociologists believe that childhood is not a fixed universal experience, this is called social construct, meaning that the idea about childhood is varied according to time, place, gender, ethnicity and social class. The definition of childhood is a state or period of being a child. Many children in today’s society do not experience this and in the past too. Aries (1960) suggested that today childhood is only a recent social invention. Children in pre-industrial society were mini adults who worked and played the same as adults. Children were seen as economic assets. Aires argued that in the middle ages childhood did not exist. After industrialisation working class children were frequently found working in mines, factories and mills. However, according to Aires, middle class started to change around this time. There was an increase in marital and parental love in middle class families as the infant mortality rate decreased and families had fewer children. This then led into the early industrial times, with the industrial revolution the position of children had changed, but this wasn’t any better. Children were still made to work, but now not in fields but in factories, coalmines and up chimneys. There were no laws to protect the children from this, as the children were seen to be bringing in the much needed income to the household. Gradually laws did come into place to protect the children; this then led to the child-centred society. Aries claimed that childhood began from the early 13th century as fee-paying schools were open to provide the upper class education. The church also began to separate children from adults as saying that they are fragile creatures of god and needed to be punished differently Social attitudes started to change towards children in the nineteenth century. Children were excluded from factories and mines as it was far too dangerous to work in the conditions there. Some working class parents however, resisted these moves as they were ones that depended on their children’s wages to support and feed the family. Beginning of the twentieth century, a child-centred society emerged and the standard of living improved such as flushing toilets and sanit ation, infant mortality rate continued to decline. Due to this child centred society children have become very expensive and this is the reason why people are having less children so they can invest in love, socialisation and protection to the  children they have. Attitudes of children had started to change when society slowly started becoming child centred, so children’s needs of special attention and protection became about to such as the child support act (1991). This law monitored the way parents reared their children. Childhood as we know it today started to come about in the 1950s onwards. Child-centred means that children are now loved, valued and cared for properly. Children now have to attend mainstream school from the ages of 5 to 16. They have their own doctors, teachers and social workers to care for them. Children’s books, magazines, TV programs and films are made especially for them and finally have laws in place to protect them.

The Toms River High School East Child Stud Team - 1834 Words

The Toms River High School East Child Stud Team (CST) would like to provide comments and concerns relating to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), No Child Left Behind, and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) of 2004 requirement of assessments in public schools and that all students must participate, with the sole focus on the state of New Jerseys decision to use the PARCC. Specifically, considering the impact is has on students classified with learning disabilities. I would like to urge you to think about reevaluating the procedure of using the PARCC and other standardized tests that are geared to general education students to assess our students because it seems to be doing more harm than good. During the†¦show more content†¦To start, I would like to give examples of how this test is actually affecting the students. As the time for testing comes near, students come into the high school CST office daily talking about how anxious they are about having to participate in the test, even with testing accommodations put in place. One specific student, Ashley’, has been coming in regularly talking about how nervous she is about the test this year because last year her parents opted her out. This year, the school district has informed her not to do this and she knows that there is no possible way she will pass because he is in all special education (SE) classes. When he was informed that he did not have to pass and try his best because through her IEP she will be exempt from passing, she expressed that she is still upset about it. She feels that she has to do well on the test to prove that she is not dumb. She says that thinking about taking the test makes her sick to his stomach and she wants to skip those school days when the test is being administered. Just from speaking with her, it is easy to see that the scores she feels she will receive on this test are affecting her self-esteem. She does not understand why she has to take the test if she is exempt from passing. Ashley is not the only one to express concerns about taking the test.